Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201637648ENHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2Department of Medical Librarianship and Information Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Educational Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, IranHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of this scoping review is to identify the models of Health Information Disorders (HIDs), the components of these models, their study setting, and their designing approaches. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this study, PubMed, Web Of Science (WOS), Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase databases were searched to identify relevant articles. After screening the identified studies, 22 studies were selected. Data was extracted based on objectives and was combined and summarized by a narrative method. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of articles showed most of the included studies presented conceptual models or frameworks that provide a more structured and comprehensive view of a topic. The elements and components of the HID models were categorized into five main components, including information issues, communication issues, psychology issues, social issues and theories. Most studies employed, existing theories, evidence, or principles to design their approaches. The main setting of studies were COVID‑19 and related topics such as vaccination.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>By synthesizing the HID models we tried to find the gap among types, components, designing approaches and setting of models. It seems we need some HID models based on contextual frameworks to understand deeply the way of being born, spread and death of HIDs in society. Also, future advancements in HID models should focus on other diseases rather than COVID‑19 to provide a holistic approach in diverse healthcare landscapes.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2166http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2166/70707735

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201649659ENFaculty of Persian Medicine, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Department of Traditional Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranFaculty of Persian Medicine, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranFaculty of Persian Medicine, Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Department of Traditional Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranSchool of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranFaculty of Persian Medicine, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Department of Traditional Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is the most prevalent cause of vaginal infection among women. This study aimed to summarize the evidence related to the effectiveness of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy for the management of BV. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Medline PubMed were systematically searched. Moreover, we searched Google Scholar to explore the possible effects of herbal treatments on BV in women of childbearing age up to 2022. All randomized clinical trials investigating the effects of medicinal plants as oral or vaginal monotherapy or in combination for BV treatment in women of childbearing age were included in this systematic review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In total, 20 studies comprising 2685 participants were included in our review. The results show that combinations of herbal medicines such as <em>Prangos ferulacea, Berberis vulgaris, Myrtus communis, </em>and <em>Quercus Brantii </em>with metronidazole can have better results in the treatment of BV. Moreover, the main results show that some medicinal plant products alone such as Forzejehe <em>(Tribulus terrestris + Myrtus communis + Foeniculum vulgare + Tamarindus indica), Zataria multiflora, </em>and <em>Calendula officinalis </em>had therapeutic effects similar to metronidazole. Propolis and Brazilian pepper tree <em>(Schinus) </em>were effective in the treatment of BV, but they have less therapeutic effect than metronidazole.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To reduce the complications caused by chemical treatments and also the resistance of patients to these treatments, it seems necessary to use supportive treatments along with chemical drugs after the necessary approvals have been obtained.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2167http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2167/70707736

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201660668EN1.Doctoral Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 2.Midwifery Study Program, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia1. Department of Health Behavior, Environment and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,2. Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,Post Graduate Study Program, Faculty of Psychology, Ahmad Dahlan University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>Men’s engagement in maternal and child health care in the preconception health forum is essential because it allows primary prevention of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. This review aimed to identify strategies to engage men in preconception health. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This scoping review was conducted from August to September 2022. The database searches included PubMed, EBSCO, and ProQuest from 2012 to 2022, related to men’s involvement in reproductive health, preconception health, family planning, maternity, and infant care; articles written in English; national (Indonesia) and international articles; and appropriate thesis. The searched keywords were man/male role, premarital, preconception, reproductive health, and fertility. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The electronic searches turned to 1969 articles, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria and were selected for study analysis. This review identified three themes: identifying programs that are sensitive to the limitations of men; developing community outreach strategies; and engaging management principles, policy, and legislation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Efforts to engage men in preconception health can be complicated, but several strategic programs have demonstrated some success. Subsequent programs that require men’s participation in preconception health services must be sensitive to the identified barriers.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2168http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2168/70707737

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201669677ENAssistant Professor, Maternal and Child Health Nursing Irbid National University, Amman, JordanDepartment of Maternal and Child Health Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, JordanNursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt, Jordan2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>The postpartum period is critical for women and newborns. Many complications, such as deaths, are preventable by utilizing appropriate postpartum care. We aimed to assess healthcare professionals’ adherence to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) immediate postpartum care guidelines, investigating factors influencing their adoption at Jordanian hospitals. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A methodological study design, developing, and testing the psychometric properties of the Immediate Postpartum Care Adherence Questionnaire (IPCAQ) was created based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, extensive literature review, and the WHO guidelines following a manual construct questionnaire, and using a deductive method. The IPCAQ was developed using four steps: domain identification, scale construction, judgmental evidence, and psychometric evaluation. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final draft of IPCAQ consisted of four domains and 63 items deductively formulated from the theoretical constructs. The domains are attitudes, behavioral intention, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. They were subsumed by four subthemes, general caring assessment, counseling, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The IPCA showed high content (0.94) and face validity indices (0.97), moderate content scale universal agreement (0.77), and excellent face agreement (0.81) for the 63 items. IPCAQ is a reliable instrument that measures adherence to immediate postpartum care guidelines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>IPCAQ is reliable and valid in the current sample. The IPCAQ can be used to assess healthcare professionals’ adherence to immediate postpartum care guidelines, identify factors influencing the adoption of standardized care to overcome barriers to adherence, and facilitate high‑quality care.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2169http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2169/70707738

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201678684ENNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Critical Care Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Critical Care Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranProfessor of Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Critical Care Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2024120120241201<p>theory‑practice gap has led to problems in teaching nursing students. Therefore, this paper aims to present the effects of the implementation of theory‑practice gap strategies in training nursing students in the emergency department.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This study included the implementation and reflection phases of participatory action research in both the School of Nursing and Midwifery of the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and the emergency ward of Alzahra Educational Hospital, Iran, from 2016 to 2019. First, 10 strategies were implemented with the help of stakeholders. In the reflection phase, 15 semi‑structured, in‑depth interviews, focus groups, observations, and field notes were analyzed using the conventional content analysis approach. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The data were obtained from 15 participants, most of whom were women. Data analysis revealed three themes and seven main categories, including leaving the comfort zone (understanding the necessity for changes, individual and organizational perception, and response to change), bringing about change (strengthening of patterns and preparation of processes), and unstable deployment of change (perceived promotion and planning to reinforce the change).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using participatory action research to reduce the theory‑practice gap in nursing education is of grave importance. During the change process, stakeholders defined new educational processes or reinforced the previous applicable patterns. Also, they started to plan for more control over educational processes as well as considering new promotions. This is valuable knowledge for use in bridging the theory‑practice gap in nursing education.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2170http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2170/70707739

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201685690ENDepartment of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery College, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand,Department of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery College, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandStudent Research Committee, Nursing and Midwifery College, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>Angiography through the radial artery is a novel selective approach with several advantages. Shortening the duration of each stage of the procedure leads to many benefits for patients and health personnel. This study aimed to investigate the effect of local forearm heating on facilitating radial angiography.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This randomized clinical trial included one intervention and one control group with a post‑test design. The study was conducted on 80 radial angiography candidates visiting the angiography ward, at Razi Hospital, Birjand, Iran, in 2018. The subjects were selected through convenient sampling and allocated to control and intervention groups using simple random allocation. The data were collected using a demographic form and radial angiography checklist. The intervention consisted of using an infrared emitter fixed 60 cm from the patient’s forearm. Infrared radiation was applied for 10 min for each patient to warm the radial artery. Afterward, the radial angiography procedure was carried out. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software (v. 16) (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The frequency and duration of artery puncture, the necessity of injecting a radiocontrast agent, the necessity of catheter replacement, the duration of fluoroscopy, and the volume of the radiocontrast agent in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Local heat in radial angiography is recommended for facilitating the procedure and improving patient welfare and peace.</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2171http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2171/70707740

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201691696ENCritical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,Medical‑Surgical Department, School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilCritical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,2024120120241201<p><strong>Background: </strong>Measuring nurses’ workload and related factors in intensive care units and reviewing their staffing is very important during COVID‑19. This study aims to compare nurses’ workload and multiple organ failure of patients hospitalized during the COVID‑19 in intensive care units and non–COVID‑19 intensive care units.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>An observational study was conducted with 768 patients hospitalized in intensive care units and Zanjan City (Iran) intensive care units in 2021. The data were collected using the Nursing Activities Score and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. Data analysis was performed by independent <em>t</em>‑test, Chi‑squared (÷2) test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). The statistical significance level was set at <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NAS in non–COVID‑19 intensive care units 59.90% (10.03) was significantly higher than that of COVID‑19 intensive care units 56.38% (6.67) (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). In addition, the SOFA score was higher in the non–COVID‑19 intensive care units 6.98 (3.89) than in COVID‑19 intensive care units 5.62 (3.98) (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). The Nursing Activities Score had a positive and statistically significant relationship with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment in both units, and this relationship was higher in the COVID‑19 intensive care units (r = 0.71). In addition, predictors of NAS were identified as four variables, i.e. consciousness level, SOFA, length of stay, and having an artificial airway (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Non–COVID‑19 ICUs had higher NAS and SOFA scores in the study. Further investigation is needed to identify additional workload aspects in intensive care units.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2172http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2172/70707741

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115697702ENScientometrics Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, IranBiostatistics, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, IranNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranKnowledge and Information Science, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, IranNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranStudent Research Committee, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, IranDepartment of Operating Room, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran20241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Considering the importance of using non‑invasive ventilation (NIV) in COVID‑19‑related hypoxemia, the present study was conducted to determine the effective factors on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) failure rate in COVID‑19‑related hypoxemia. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This research was a retrospective cross‑sectional study (2021) investigating the records of 200 adult patients with the medical diagnosis of acute respiratory failure (ARF) of COVID‑19, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in Shoushtar (southwestern Iran) who underwent CPAP therapy. The Heart rate, Acidosis, Consciousness, Oxygenation, and Respiratory rate (HACOR) scores were measured before the treatment and 1 h after undergoing CPAP treatment. Moreover, patients’ demographic and clinical data were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney, Chi‑square, Wilcoxon, and logistic regression tests. The significance level was set at <em>p </em>≤ 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean standard deviation [SD]) age of patients was 63.96 (16.23) years. Among all 200 patients, 78.50% (<em>n </em>= 157) experienced CPAP failure and the remaining 21.50% (<em>n </em>= 43) underwent successful CPAP therapy. Failure chance was 7.10% higher in patients with higher HACOR scores undergoing 1 h CPAP treatment than others. It was also 14.92% higher among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) than non‑DM patients. Additionally, old age (z = 2591.50, <em>p </em>value = 0.02), obesity (z = 2433.00, <em>p </em>value = 0.024), and elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (z = 2620.00, <em>p </em>value = 0.0) impacted CPAP failure rates among patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The HACOR score 1 h after CPAP, DM, old age, obesity, and elevated BUN favor increased CPAP failure rates among patients.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2173

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115703708ENShahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Shahrekord, IranShahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Shahrekord, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Adults Health Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord Uinversity of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>The health of children is affected by Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in their parents and various complications of it. Given this, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of a program based on Roy’s adaptation model on the coping skills of children of MS patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This study was performed on 78 children of 78 MS patients from Shahrekord Support Association of MS patients including around 1800 patient members in 2018 using a quasiexperimental method. Samples were selected by the convenience sampling method, and a researcher-made checklist was completed based on Roy’s adaptation model by them, and those who scored less than 80% on the checklist were included in the study and randomly allocated to control and intervention groups. The coping skills questionnaire was completed before, immediately, and 2 months after the intervention in two groups. In the intervention group, a supportive training program was developed and implemented based on Roy’s adaptation model in six sessions and followed up for 2 months. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23 using statistical tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant difference in changes in mean coping skills scores during the intervention between control and intervention groups (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) so that the coping skills scores showed a significant increase in the intervention group. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>It is possible to increase the level of adaptation in children of MS patients and improve their coping skills by using educational and supportive programs based on Roy’s adaptation model.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2174http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2174/70707742

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115709713ENDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Public Health, Khomein University of Medical Science, Khomein, IranDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Nursing School, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Identification of the factors related to students’ academic success and clinical self‑efficacy plays a significant role in their ability to provide independent patient care. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship of cell phone overuse with sleep quality and self‑efficacy in the clinical performance of nursing and midwifery students.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This descriptive‑correlational study was conducted on 211 nursing and midwifery students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2021–2022. Data collection tools included the Cell‑Phone Over‑Use Scale (COS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Self‑Efficacy in Clinical Performance (SECP). Data were analyzed using stata‑16 software. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>28% of students had cellphone overuse and 63% had poor sleep quality and 17.10% had low self‑efficacy in clinical performance. Students with cellphone overuse had higher levels of poor sleep quality compared to those with normal levels of cellphone use (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). Moreover, those with poor sleep quality had lower self‑efficacy for clinical performance (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cell phone overuse can reduce self‑efficacy in clinical performance by interfering with students’ sleep quality. Thus, students should be trained to use cell phones more appropriately.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2175http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2175/70707743

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115714719ENNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran20241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>In patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), the incidence of delirium has been increased due to the nature of the disease and the specific protective protocols implemented to control the outbreak of this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of multidimensional nursing interventions on the incidence of delirium in patients with COVID‑19. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A quasiexperimental study (preintervention, postintervention assessment) was conducted in168 patients (84 patients in each group) with COVID‑19 admitted to the general wards of <em>Hazrat Ali‑Asghar Educational Hospital </em>in <em>Shiraz</em>, <em>Iran</em>, between May and June 2021. At first, based on inclusion criteria, the control group was selected to prevent information transmission between the study groups. The control group was treated as usual, but the intervention group received a three‑part intervention that included nurse‑related, patient‑related, and environment‑related measures. A Demographic Information Form and the Richmond Agitation Sedation Score and the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist were completed for each patient. The collected data were analyzed. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>25.30% of patients in the control group and 10.50% of patients in the intervention group experienced delirium (<em>χ</em><em>2 </em><em>= 5.72</em>, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). The results showed that the incidence of delirium was significantly lower in the intervention group. The mean number of days during which the patients experienced delirium was insignificantly lower in the intervention group (<em>U </em>= <em>2.56</em>, <em>p </em>&gt; 0.05). The mean length of hospital stay was also significantly lower in the control group (<em>U = ‑2.41</em>, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The multidimensional nursing interventions effectively reduced the incidence of delirium in patients with COVID‑19.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2176

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115720725ENDepartment of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, JerashDepartment of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, JerashDepartment of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, JerashDepartment of Adult Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, JerashDepartment of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, JerashDepartment of Child and Maternal Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jerash University, Jerash, Jordan2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Electrocardiogram (ECG) is considered one of the most frequently carried out diagnostic tests in emergency rooms. To develop and refine the competencies of emergency nurses, it becomes imperative to assess the current level of knowledge and practice among nurses regarding ECG and other diagnostic tests. The study aimed to assess the ECG interpretation competency and its associated factors among emergency nurses in Jordan. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023. Data were collected from 287 Jordanian emergency nurses working in six governmental, private, and teaching hospitals, and they had at least 1 year of clinical experience. Badell-Coll ECG Interpretation Competency Questionnaire was used in this study. Descriptive analyses were conducted using an independent <em>t</em>-test and one-way analysis of variance. A statistical significance of <em>P </em>&lt; 0.05 was assumed. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Approximately, 61.43% of emergency nurses had been involved in educational sessions on ECG interpretation. The mean of the total participants’ score on the ECG assessment tool was 4.35 out of 10. Significant differences were found in the ECG interpretation competency scores based on the highest educational level (t285= - ‑0.64, <em>P </em>&lt; 0.001), job title (t285= - ‑5.91, <em>P </em>&lt; 0.001), and previous engagement in ECG training sessions (t285 = 2.50, <em>P </em>= 0.013).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The level of emergency nurses’ ECG interpretation competency was low. Nurses should engage in ECG refreshing courses to improve their ability to detect arrhythmias early. Efforts should be made to improve the nursing educational curricula and ECG training sessions by employing electronic systems and addressing both basic and advanced arrhythmias.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2177http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2177/70707744

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115726730ENStudent Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. IranExercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. IranChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. IranChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. IranExercise Physiology Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent evidence suggests a negative correlation between physical activity and the incidence and severity of noncommunicable chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory infections. This study explores the potential influence of physical activity levels on the mortality rate and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) recovery.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This descriptive analytical cross-sectional study evaluated 175 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to Baqiyatallah Hospital. The participants’ hospitalization data and physical activity levels were assessed. The Mann–Whitney <em>U </em>test explored the association between physical activity and COVID-19 outcomes. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that COVID-19 patients had a mean (SD) physical activity score of 6.55 (1.76) out of a possible 15. The mean scores for physical activity in work, sport, and leisure environments were 2.69 (0.49), 1.37 (1.45), and 2.49 (0.59) out of 5, respectively. Surviving patients exhibited significantly higher sports-specific and overall physical activity levels than those who succumbed to the disease. A Man–Whitney <em>U </em>test results noted statistically significant relationship between total and sports-specific physical activity, hospitalization (interquartile range (IQR) 2.3-3.06, <em>p </em>= 0.020 and IQR 2.5-3, <em>p </em>= 0.010, respectively), and mortality (IQR 0.44-2.75, <em>p </em>= 0.020 and IQR 1.47-2.97, <em>p </em>= 0.020). <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, increased total physical activity, particularly in a sports environment, appears to be linked with reduced COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality rates.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2178http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2178/70707745

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115731736ENDepartment of Midwifery, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Center Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chamomile and flaxseed are traditionally used medicinal plants to treat painful menstruation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of chamomile and flaxseed on pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea in endometriosis patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A controlled randomized clinical trial was conducted on 102 endometriosis patients referred to Reyhane Infertility Center of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from July 2021 to March 2022. Patients were divided into three groups: chamomile, flaxseed, and placebo, using the block randomization method. Patients used 1000 mg capsules (three times a day) for 8 weeks. A Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure the severity of pain. Pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea were assessed on three occasions Data were analyzed using the Chi‑square, repeated measures ANCOVA, and ANOVA. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the three groups regarding dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, or dyspareunia (<em>p </em>&gt; 0.05). The mean score of pelvic pain (on one and two‑month follow‑ups) in the chamomile and flaxseed groups (F = 383.07, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) was lower than that in the placebo group. The mean score of dyspareunia (on one and two‑month follow‑ups) in the chamomile and flaxseed groups was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (F2 = 479.34, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). The mean score of dysmenorrhea on one and two‑month follow‑ups (F2 = 385.67, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) in the chamomile and flaxseed groups was lower than that in the placebo group. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chamomile and flaxseed may reduce pelvic pain, dyspareunia, and dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2179http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2179/70707746

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115737742ENStudent Research Committee, Nursing and Midwifery School, Sabzevar, Iran,Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Sabzevar, Iran3School, Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emergency nurses face various challenging conditions and many moral distress that may associated with fatigue from providing care. The spiritual intelligence of nurses has been found to have an impact on the quality of care. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the spiritual intelligence of emergency nurses with fatigue from providing care and moral distress in emergency nurses. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This descriptive‑analytical cross‑sectional study was conducted on 200 nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals in Semnan and Sabzevar, who were selected by stratified random method. They were asked to complete the spiritual intelligence, nurse fatigue scale, and moral distress questionnaire through self‑reporting. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and Amos software, path analysis, and correlation tests. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>An increase in spiritual intelligence leads to a significant reduction in moral distress (<em>p </em>= 0.01) and fatigue from caregiving (<em>p </em>= 0.001). In contrast, an increase in moral distress leads to a considerable increase in fatigue from caregiving (<em>p </em>= 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results showed that spiritual intelligence has an inverse relationship with moral distress and fatigue from providing care. Moral distress has a direct relationship with fatigue from providing care. Therefore, interventions in the field of increasing spiritual intelligence and reducing moral distress and fatigue from providing care are recommended.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2180http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2180/70707747

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115743748ENBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Department of Psychology, Neyshabur Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, IranBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare workers are the first to be exposed to the virus and are at greater risk than the general public. This study aimed to examine the risk factors that affected hospital staff’s general health during the COVID‑19 pandemic in Isfahan, Iran. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This cross‑sectional study was conducted on the staff of all hospitals in Isfahan one year after the COVID‑19 outbreak (2021–2022). The general health questionnaire (GHQ) was used to determine social functioning, while the patient health questionnaire (PHQ) was employed to assess physical and psychological health status. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant positive relationship between work experience in the COVID‑19 ward and the scores of physical health (<em>r </em>= 0.26, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01), depressive symptoms (<em>r </em>= 0.24, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01), and anxiety (<em>r </em>= 0.17, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01). The job and income satisfaction score was negatively related to the scores of social function variables (<em>r </em>= −0.25, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01) and depressive syndrome (<em>r </em>= −0.12, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). The fear of COVID‑19 was related to social functioning (<em>r </em>= 0.12, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01), physical health (<em>r </em>= 0.31, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), depressive symptoms (<em>r </em>= 0.36, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), panic attacks (<em>r </em>= 0.15, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01), and generalized anxiety (<em>r </em>= 0.23, df = 298, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). Gender and age significantly predicted general health.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The COVID‑19 pandemic negatively affected all dimensions of hospital staff’s health, particularly those with underlying physical conditions.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2181http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2181/70707748

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241115749753ENSina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranYoung Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Occupational Health and Safety Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranDepartment of Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran1.Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 2.School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>Empathy is considered paramount to the medical profession because it affects patients’ satisfaction, compliance, and quality of care. It has been studied that medical residents in non‑psychiatry specialties (especially general surgery) pay less attention to their patients’ experiences and emotions. This study measured and compared surgical and psychiatric medical residents’ empathy scores. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In 2021, we studied all first‑ to third‑year medical residents of psychiatry and general surgery who worked in hospitals affiliated with the Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Eighty‑eight eligible residents, including 53 psychiatric and 35 surgical residents, were enrolled in this cross‑sectional study. The Persian‑validated Jefferson empathy scale was used to evaluate empathy among the residents. Chi‑square, <em>t</em>‑test, and ANOVA were used for group comparisons. A multivariable linear regression analysis was used to find the factors associated with the empathy score. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 21.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total mean score (SD) of empathy was 104.34 (11.10). Female residents had higher mean (SD) empathy scores compared to their male counterparts (109.21 [9.29] vs. 99.14 [12.72]; <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), and psychiatric residents scored higher than surgical residents (109.18 [8.91] vs. 96.67 [12.50]; <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). Psychiatric residency was independently associated with a higher empathy score (standardized coefficients; beta = 0.41, <em>p </em>= 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Psychiatric residents have significantly higher empathy with patients than surgical residents. There was also a significant difference among male and female residents. Therefore, it may be recommended that structural education directions be developed for residents to promote empathy during the residency program.</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2182http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2182/70707749

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906629620241201754756ENCollege of Nursing, West Visayas State University, PhilippinesCollege of Nursing, West Visayas State University, PhilippinesCollege of Nursing, West Visayas State University, PhilippinesCollege of Nursing, West Visayas State University, PhilippinesCollege of Nursing, West Visayas State University, Philippines2024120720241207<p><strong>Background: </strong>In response to the 2019 Polio outbreak in the Philippines, it is crucial to examine the current understanding and beliefs about the disease. This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of mothers towards Polio and Polio vaccination in a rural community.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Sixty‑two mothers in a selected rural barangay in Negros Occidental, Philippines, participated in this cross‑sectional study using a survey questionnaire in July 2021. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that 43.50% of mothers had a high level of knowledge and 74.20% had a favorable attitude towards Polio and Polio immunization. There was a significant relationship (<em>p </em>= 0.05) between knowledge and attitude towards Polio and Polio immunization. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study underscores addressing knowledge gaps through public health campaigns may improve beliefs and perceptions about immunization programs.</p><strong> </strong>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2184http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2184/70707751

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-90662962024111521852185ENHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranIsfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2024120720241207<p>Dear Editor,</p><p>Accurate and evidence‑based information in the field of health is of particular importance. However, in recent years, society has witnessed an increase in types of information disorders including misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.[1]…..</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2185http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2185/70707752

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-90662962024111521862186ENPAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam2024120720241207<p>This letter is in response to the article “Assessment knowledge, attitude, and willingness to care for patients with HIV/AIDS among midwifery students of selected universities in Iran in 2020,” published in your esteemed journal.[1] The study examines midwifery students’ HIV‑AIDS care readiness. Although the authors suggest that student’s attitude is appropriate, it is not entirely positive. How can educators improve this? Three potential considerations will be outlined.</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2186http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2186/70707753

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-90662962024111521872187EN1. Department of Maternity, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas, Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia, 2.Department of Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaDepartment of Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia3Department of Community Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia,Department of Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia1.Department of Maternity, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas, Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia, 2. Department of Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaDepartment of Maternity, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas, Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur, Samarinda, Indonesia1. Department of Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, 2. Department of Maternity, IIK NU Indonesia, Tuban, Indonesia2024120720241207<p class="Default"> In the article titled “A Systematic Review of Determinants Influencing Family Planning and Contraceptive Use”, published on pages 596-607, Issue 5, Volume 29 of Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research,[1] the article type is written incorrectly as “Original Article” instead of “Review article”.</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2187http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2187/70707754