Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729366375ENFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, ColombiaClínica de la Costa, Barranquilla, ColombiaUniversidad Metropolitana, Barranquilla, Colombia1Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia2026072620260726<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health behavior encompasses the behaviors and decisions individuals make regarding their daily activities, which can impact their health and well‑being. This study aimed to explore the application and effectiveness of Nola Pender’s health promotion model in nursing practice.</p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This narrative review was conducted between 2018 and 2022. The keywords, such as “Nola, Pender,” “lifestyle,” “effectiveness,” and “Nursing,” were used, both in English and Spanish. These keywords were individually searched in international databases, such as Scielo, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria were full texts of original articles and articles related to the use and effectiveness of the Nola Pender model in nursing practice. Studies with abstracts only, other nursing models, duplicates, or insufficient methodological rigor were excluded. Each article was evaluated for methodological rigor, clarity of objectives, study design, and relevance to nursing. A total of 32 articles met the criteria. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of the selected documents identified applications of the model in the promotion of eating habits, sexual and reproductive health, management of arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, participation in community activities and lifestyles in general. The Pender model proved to be effective in adherence to treatment, stress management and cardiovascular disease, hand hygiene, smoking reduction, and exercise promotion. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The scientific literature analyzed shows the effectiveness of the Nola Pender model in nursing practice for health‑promoting behaviors both individually and collectively. The model proposed by Pender provides different strategies with beneficial results for the health and well‑being of people.</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2383http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2383/70707972

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729376390ENMeybod School of Medical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranResearch Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Comprehensive Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranResearch Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Comprehensive Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran,20260726<p><strong>Background: </strong>Investigating the status of nurse–patient communication in Palliative Care (PC) and understanding the factors affecting it helps to provide effective patient‑centered care and optimize care strategies in PC settings. Therefore, this review was conducted with the aim of determining the status of nurse–patient communication in PC and factors affecting it. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This systematic search was conducted in both Iranian and international databases, including Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), Public Medical Database (PubMed), and ProQuest, using keywords: “Palliative Care” AND “Communication” AND “Nurses” to find related articles published until 2024. Inclusion criteria for the articles included original studies whose results focus on nurse–patient communication in PC. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nurses do not communicate comfortably and effectively with patients in the PC setting, especially in conversations related to advanced care plans, end‑of‑life care, and prognosis. This communication is influenced by factors such as trust issue between patient and nurse, individual preparation of nurse and patient, effective collaboration between nurses and physicians, the nurse’s skill in being a good listener and establishing empathetic interaction with patient, and allocation of sufficient time for nurse–patient communication. The use of structured communication models, such as Sage and Thyme, Comfort, can help nurses to be a more effective communicator.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of present study showed that nurses do not have effective conversations with patients in the context of PC. Therefore, in order to improve nurses’ communication skills, training programs are suggested to be designed and implemented in accordance with the identified needs of nurses in relation to difficult conversations with patients.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2384

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729357365ENDepartment of Medical and Surgical Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Critical Care and Emergency, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IranDepartment of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Irann2026072620260726<p><strong>Background: </strong>High turnover among newly graduated nurses poses a serious challenge to healthcare systems, contributing to staff shortages, compromised patient safety, and increased operational costs. This narrative review aimed to identify the key factors influencing turnover intention in this group. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This narrative review involved a literature review across the Science Direct, SID, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Magiran databases for English and Persian language studies published between 2010 and 2022, ultimately selecting 19 relevant studies. The findings revealed that both individual and organizational factors play significant roles in shaping nurses’ decisions to leave their jobs. <strong>Results: </strong>Turnover intention among newly graduated nurses was influenced by distinct individual and organizational factors. On the individual level, risk factors included emotional instability, sleep disturbances, job‑related stress, poor communication with patients, insufficient clinical skills, role conflict, and role ambiguity. Protective factors that reduced turnover intention were strong professional commitment, conscientiousness, and psychological capital such as resilience and optimism. Organizational factors also had a major impact. High workload, workplace bullying, rude or unprofessional colleagues, and lack of adequate resources increased the likelihood of turnover. In contrast, supportive leadership and positive workplace relationships helped retain newly graduated nurses. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>We recommend that policymakers establish safe staffing ratios and antibullying policies, managers prioritize leadership development and clinical resources, educators enhance communication training, and institutions implement resilience programs and mentorship. These evidence‑based actions are essential to improve nurse retention and advance patient care quality through a stable nursing workforce.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2382http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2382/70707971

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729391400ENStudent Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Management Sciences and Health Economics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is growing evidence that routinization in nursing care is a concerning issue that directly affects the quality of nursing care and nurses’ ability to be creative and innovative in care, flexibility, and ability to provide individualized care, and comprehensiveness in care at the global level. This study aimed to identify factors associated with routinization in nursing care. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The method of Whittemore and Knafl was employed to conduct this integrated review, which consisted of five stages: identification and determination of the purpose, search for sources, data evaluation, data analysis, and results presentation. Evidence search was conducted using the keywords nursing care, routine, routines, routinization, and their Persian equivalents separately or in combination using the AND and OR operators in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, SID, Medex, Magiran, and IranDoc from the beginning to October 2024. After screening and checking for eligibility, the articles were evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tools.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. The most important factors affecting routinization were categorized into 4 categories: individual factors, organizational factors, communication factors, and patient‑related factors. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study indicate the need for critical interventions to address factors that can influence routinization in nursing care. Overall, studies highlight the complexity and dependence of routinization in care on various factors, including workload, work environment, and nurse characteristics.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2385http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2385/70707973

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729401407EN1Department of Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia, 2Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia, 3Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia,4Department of Instructional and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia,5Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Mohammad Husni Thamrin University, East Jakarta, Indonesia2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescent pregnancy poses serious biopsychosocial challenges and increases maternal and infant health risks. Continuity of Midwifery Care (CMC) is essential to ensure optimal outcomes, yet its implementation for adolescent pregnancies remains suboptimal. This study aims to explore gaps in CMC for adolescent pregnancies and provide recommendations for improvement. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted in Padang, West Sumatera Indonesia, from January to June 2022. Using purposive sampling, participants included adolescent pregnant women (<em>n </em>= 4), Private Midwifery Practices (<em>n </em>= 4), maternal and child health (MCH) program holders (<em>n </em>= 3), a maternal care coordinator midwife (<em>n </em>= 1), and a public health division head (<em>n </em>= 1). Data were collected through in‑depth, semistructured interviews and analyzed thematically using an inductive approach with triangulation to ensure rigor. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three key themes emerged: (1) Management continuity<strong>; </strong>care primarily focused on physical health, with limited assessment of psychological well‑being. Diagnosis and care planning neglected adolescent‑specific needs. Emotional support was minimal during implementation and follow‑up. (2) Informational Continuity; Health information was general, lacking relevance to adolescent risks. Verbal explanations and the Maternal and Child Health Handbook were commonly used, with limited digital tools. Retention barriers included judgment, low confidence, and lack of adolescent‑friendly materials. (3) Relational Continuity; Midwifery care lacked psychological support and was disrupted by staff rotation, reducing consistency. Family and partner support were often limited, affecting adherence and safety. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To improve CMC for adolescent pregnancy in Indonesia, it is essential to integrated psychological support, develop adolescent‑specific guidelines, provide personalized health education and strengthen midwife‑client continuity.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2386http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2386/70707974

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729408412ENDepartment of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Nahdlatul Ulama, Tuban, East Java, IndonesiaDepartment of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Nahdlatul Ulama, Tuban, East Java, IndonesiaAirlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, IndonesiaAirlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,Department of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah East Kalimantan, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>The problem faced during the puerperium period is the inability of some women to engage in breastfeeding. Several factors, including self‑efficacy, influence the breastfeeding rate. This study aims to determine the relationship between self‑efficacy and the level of knowledge, social support, and attitudes toward breastfeeding in early postpartum women. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A cross‑sectional design was used with postpartum primipara as the population from day 14 to 42 days. A total of 180 respondents were selected as samples, and the variables measured were breastfeeding self‑efficacy, level of knowledge about breastfeeding, social support for breastfeeding, and attitudes toward breastfeeding. A total of 180 respondents were selected using purposive sampling, and the variables measured were breastfeeding self‑efficacy, level of knowledge, social support, and attitudes toward breastfeeding using a questionnaire. Additionally, the data obtained were examined utilizing Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis. <strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that breastfeeding women’s knowledge, social support, and attitudes accounted for 26.36% of the variation in the score of breastfeeding self‑efficacy. Breastfeeding self‑efficacy scores, as well as knowledge (<em>t </em>= 4.24, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), social support (<em>t </em>= 2.56, <em>p </em>= 0.011), and attitudes toward breastfeeding (<em>t </em>= 4.44, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), were found to have significant relationships. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Positive breastfeeding self‑efficacy in breastfeeding can influence knowledge, social support, and improved attitudes.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2387http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2387/70707975

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729413417ENDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,Department of Pediatric Nursing, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia,Department of Maternity Nursing, Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia2026072720260727<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The increasing prevalence of autism was a burden, especially for families and made them feeling stressed and ashamed of the negative stigma from the social environment, so that psychosocial response of the family critical and maladaptive coping was created. To build a family management model based on psychosocial responses to the family’s ability of caring for school‑age autistic children. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The research design used a quasi‑experiment. The population and samples were parents of autistic children, who had attended Surabaya Autism Therapy Center. The determination of the sample sizes used the rule of thumb formula in Structural Equality Modeling (SEM) several 108. The data collection technique used Multi‑Stage Sampling. The measuring instrument used a questionnaire. Modeling analysis used Partial Least Squares Structural Equality Modeling (PLS‑SEM). <strong>Results: </strong>The results of the prediction test of the model showed R‑square = 0.497 (strong). The relevance test of the model prediction showed Q‑Square = 0.482 (good). The model accuracy test showed Goodness of Fit (GoF) = 0.376 (large). The test of the influences between variables showed that the social support had a significant impact on psycho‑social responses (<em>p </em>= 0.001), the psycho‑social response had an important influence on family coping (<em>p </em>= 0.001) and the family coping had a significant impact to the ability to care for autistic children (<em>p </em>= 0.001). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The family coping model based on psychosocial responses was an appropriate model that had a significant influence on the ability to care for autistic children.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2388http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2388/70707976

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729418426ENDepartment of Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, IndiaDepartment of Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, IndiaDepartment of Obstetrical and Gynecological Nursing, Sikkim Manipal College of Nursing, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim Manipal University, Gangtok, Sikkim, India2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acupressure is a nonpharmacological therapeutic technique that involves applying pressure to specific body points to promote energy flow and relieve pain. This study evaluated the effect of Sanyinjiao (SP6) acupressure on labor pain among nulliparous women. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A randomized clinical trial was conducted between January and March 2023 in the labor and maternity wards of a tertiary care hospital in Sikkim, India. Sixty nulliparous women at 37–42 weeks of gestation with at least three contractions in 10 minutes were randomly assigned to an intervention group (<em>n </em>= 30) or a control group (<em>n </em>= 30). The control group received routine obstetric care, while the intervention group received SP6 acupressure for two minutes during each contraction for 30 minutes, starting at 4 cm and continuing until 8 cm cervical dilatation. Labor pain was assessed seven times using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The collected data were analyzed using one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated‑measures ANOVA, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). <strong>Results: </strong>No significant difference was observed in the baseline pain scores between the groups (F1,58 = 0.12, <em>p </em>&gt; 0.05). Repeated‑measures ANOVA showed a significant reduction in pain intensity in the intervention group at 4 cm (F1,58 = 88.67, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) and 6 cm dilation (F1,58 = 305.4, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). ANCOVA confirmed significant differences between the groups across seven measurements (F1,58 = 117.20, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>SP6 acupressure demonstrated a positive effect on pain intensity and was a safe, noninvasive, and cost‑effective method for reducing labor pain among nulliparous women. Therefore, it can be recommended as a supportive midwifery practice alongside routine obstetric care.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2389http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2389/70707977

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729427432EN1.Department of Medical Surgical in Nursing, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, Indonesia, 2.Department of Medical Surgical in Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaUniversitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaUniversitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia1Department of Medical Surgical in Nursing, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Medical Surgical in Nursing, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Medical Surgical in Nursing, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Medical Surgical in Nursing, STIKES Suaka Insan, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Medical Surgical in Nursing, STIKES Suaka Insan, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Medical Surgical in Nursing, STIKES Suaka Insan, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Public Health, Universitas Cahaya Bangsa, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Public Health, Universitas Cahaya Bangsa, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Public Health, Universitas Cahaya Bangsa, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Nursing, STIKES Borneo Nusantara, Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Nursing, Universitas Muhamamdiyah Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Nursing, Universitas Muhamamdiyah Banjarmasin, IndonesiaDepartment of Nursing, Universitas Muhamamdiyah Banjarmasin, Indonesia2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a growing public health issue, particularly in Indonesia, due to its increasing prevalence and serious complications like diabetic ulcers. This study investigated the relationship between self‑management behaviors and the incidence of diabetic ulcers in T2DM patients. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A cross‑sectional analytical study was conducted from March to December 2024 at Sari Mulia Hospital. From 432 registered T2DM patients, 220 were selected through purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected using the Diabetes Self‑Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) and analyzed with Chi‑square tests. <strong>Results: </strong>Diabetic ulcers were identified in 34.5% of participants with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Significant associations were found between poor self‑management behaviors and ulcer incidence. Patients who did not regularly monitor their blood glucose levels had a 9.5‑fold increased risk of developing diabetic ulcers (χ2 (1) =7.52, <em>p </em>= 0.006). Non‑compliance with dietary recommendations was associated with a 13.93‑fold increased risk (χ2 (1) = 9.40, <em>p </em>= 0.002), while low physical activity was linked to a 14.57‑fold increased risk (χ2 (1) = 9.44, <em>p </em>= 0.002). These findings highlight the critical role of self‑management behaviors in preventing diabetic foot ulcers. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Self‑management behaviors strongly influence diabetic ulcer occurrence in T2DM patients. Promoting regular blood glucose monitoring, dietary compliance, and physical activity is essential in ulcer prevention. Future research should assess the long‑term impact of educational interventions in broader patient populations to improve diabetes care outcomes.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2390http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2390/70707978

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729433438ENKowsar Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranDepartment of Nursing, Zeynab (P.B.U.H) School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranDepartment of Nursing, Zeynab (P.B.U.H) School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>Job satisfaction is one of the key factors influencing the performance quality of health workers. Although numerous factors affect job satisfaction, there are few studies on social capital and its relationship with the job satisfaction of health center employees. The purpose of this study is to determine the association of social capital with job satisfaction of employees of health centers. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this analytical cross‑sectional study, a total of 206 employees from health centers in East Guilan, northern Iran, were surveyed between May 2020 and January 2021 using a multistage sampling method. Participants completed Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s social capital questionnaire, Spector’s job satisfaction questionnaire, and demographic questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent <em>t</em>‑test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. <strong>Results: </strong>The mean (SD) of total social capital and total job satisfaction were 2.92 (0.60) and 3.21 (0.64), respectively. There was a positive and significant correlation between social capital and job satisfaction (<em>r </em>= 0.70, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that social capital explained 51% of the variance of job satisfaction. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Promoting social capital may enhance the job satisfaction of the employees in comprehensive health centers, leading to improved service quality for clients and increased organizational productivity.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2391http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2391/70707979

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729439444EN1Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranNursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IranDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran2026072720260727<p><strong>Background: </strong>Emotional intelligence (EI) is increasingly recognized as an important factor in managing occupational stress. This study aimed to examine and compare the association between EI and occupational stress in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and General Ward (GW) nurses. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this case‑control study, 478 nurses were recruited in 2020 from hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Participants included 239 ICU nurses (case group) and 239 GW nurses (control group), selected through multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Sybria Sherink Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire and the Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS). Statistical analyses (<em>t</em>‑tests, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression) were performed using SPSS version 16.0 with a significance level of <em>p </em>&lt; 0.05. <strong>Results: </strong>The mean (SD) age of participants was 34.2 (6.31) in the case group and 33.4 (7.12) in the control group. The mean (SD) occupational stress was 157.21 (38.62) in the case group and 132.51 (41.13) in the control group. This mean was significantly greater in the case group (t476 = 6.78, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). EI scores were inversely correlated with occupational stress (r = −0.31, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). EI explained 9.7% of the variance in occupational stress (R² =0.097, β = ‑0.31, t = ‑7.13, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>ICU nurses experience greater occupational stress than those in GWs. Higher EI is significantly associated with lower stress, suggesting that EI enhancement could be a useful strategy to reduce stress in high‑pressure nursing environments.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2392http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2392/70707980

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729445454ENStudent Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,1.Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, 2.Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran,Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran2026072820260728<p><strong>Background: </strong>The integration of nursing assistants into care delivery systems presents considerable challenges for healthcare teams, particularly in upholding care standards and preserving professional boundaries. These challenges are especially evident for nurses, whose lived experiences have not been sufficiently explored. Given their central role in patient care, this descriptive phenomenological study investigates the experiences of nurses and the challenges they encounter when working with nursing assistants. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted from August 12, 2023 to January 11, 2023 at a hospital in Lorestan Province, Iran. A descriptive phenomenological design was applied, and 14 nurses were recruited through purposive sampling. Data collection involved semi‑structured, in‑depth interviews, and analysis was performed using Colaizzi’s seven‑step method. MAXQDA software facilitated data management. <strong>Results: </strong>The study involved 14 nurses, with a mean (SD) age of 35.86 (3.89) years. Their experiences with nursing assistants were categorized into five overarching themes: reactions to their presence, diminished professional value, dilemmas of role and identity, attitudinal and interactional conflicts, and perceived injustice. These were further divided into 19 subthemes. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The presence of nurse assistants in clinical environments introduces both advantages and challenges. Despite reported benefits, participants voiced concerns about role ambiguity, absence of legal accountability, and adverse effects on the professional identity of nurses. The findings highlight the importance of clear job descriptions and structured training programs. These insights may inform targeted educational initiatives and support policy reforms to address nursing workforce shortages, thereby improving service quality and optimizing healthcare team performance.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2393http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2393/70707981

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729455461ENDepartment of Nursing, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Indonesia,Vocational School, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia,Department of Nursing, Ministry of Health Polytechnic of Sorong, Southwest Papua, Indonesia,Department of Nursing, Universitas Respati Yogyakarta, Indonesia,Universitas Madani, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaUniversitas Katolik Indonesia Santo Paulus Ruteng, East Nusa Tenggara, IndonesiDepartment of Nursing, Ministry of Health Polytechnic of Sorong, Southwest Papua, Indonesia,2026072820260728<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maternal decision‑making regarding the use of infant formula milk in Indonesia is shaped by a complex interplay of social, economic, and informational factors. This study aimed to elucidate the determinants of mothers’ choices when selecting formula milk in Sorong City, Indonesia, addressing gaps in previous research that overlooked the role of digital media and microeconomic factors in maternal decision‑making. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This study employed a cross‑sectional observational design and was conducted from January to June 2024. A cohort of 180 mothers with children aged 0–24 months was selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Maternal Infant Nutrition Questionnaire (MIN‑Q). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the significant factors contributing to the decision to use formula milk. <strong>Results: </strong>The findings indicated that most respondents [88 (48.90%)] exclusively used formula milk, while 92 (51.10%) adopted a mixed feeding pattern. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the use of digital media for nutritional information was significantly associated with formula milk use (β = 0.21, <em>P </em>= 0.022), as were microeconomic factors such as savings or financial assistance (β = 0.18, <em>P </em>= 0.035). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings highlight the need for government‑led interventions, including digital literacy programs and targeted financial subsidies for low‑income breastfeeding mothers, to promote exclusive breastfeeding. Therefore, credible digital education programs and more stringent regulations on formula milk </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2394http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2394/70707982

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320250508462465EN1Department of Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Psychology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Public Health School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>The present study aimed to investigate the relationships between family communication patterns and parent‑adolescent conflicts on the general health of female high school students in Ahvaz, Iran. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This descriptive‑analytical study was conducted on 180 female high school adolescents in 2019. Data were collected using the family communication pattern questionnaire, the parent‑adolescent conflict assessment questionnaire, and the General Health Questionnaire. Statistical tests (independent <em>t</em>‑test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and analysis of variance) were used for data analysis. <strong>Results: </strong>A statistically significant negative relationship exists between family communication patterns and public health in the conversation orientation dimension (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001, <em>r </em>= −0.54) and a statistically significant positive relationship in the conformity dimension (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001, <em>r </em>= 0.73). Furthermore, a positive and statistically significant relationship exists between the frequency (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001, <em>r </em>= 0.56) and intensity (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001, <em>r </em>= 0.57) of parent‑adolescent conflicts and public health. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings suggest the need for interventions that promote effective family communication and conflict resolution skills.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2406http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2406/70707993

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-90663132024050646670EN1.Doctor Program Student of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia, 2. Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia,Department Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, IndonesiaDepartment Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, IndonesiaDepartment Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long‑term hemodialysis (HD) causes biological, psychological, social, and spiritual changes and decreases work capacity, resulting in loss of autonomy and increased dependence on daily activities. This study aimed to examine the relationships between independence, self‑dependence, and the quality of life (QoL) in patients receiving HD. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This cross‑sectional study, with a descriptive analytical design, included 136 patients receiving HD. The study was conducted from June to October 2023 using demographic questionnaires, self‑care assessments, and the Barthel and Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36‑item Short Form survey (KDQoL SF‑36) for patients aged 18–70 years receiving routine HD. Validity and reliability were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s correlation tests. <strong>Results: </strong>Most patients on HD had partial self‑dependence (91%), were classified as dependent (65%), and reported a very good QoL (72%). The mean (SD) highest KDQoL‑36 dimension scale in the symptom/problem list domain was 72.32 (13.06). There was no statistically significant correlation between independence and QoL (<em>r </em>= −0.10, <em>p </em>= 0.124). However, a weak but statistically significant negative correlation was found between self‑dependence and QoL (<em>r </em>= −0.16, <em>p </em>= 0.035). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The ability to perform self‑care and achieve independence in meeting daily needs increased with acceptance of the changes that occurred. Proper self‑acceptance can be fostered with the help of family members and healthcare teams.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2405http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2405/70707992

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729471478EN1Department of Community Health, Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt,1.Department of Health Sciences Nursing, Higher Colleges of Technology, Ras AlKhaimah, UAE, 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt,Department of Public Health Nursing, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are many physical side effects of the COVID‑19 vaccine, including unexpected changes occurring in menstrual bleeding. This study aimed to assess the relation between the COVID‑19 vaccine and disorders in menstruation among females of reproductive age. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Participants were recruited from a nonprobability snowball sampling targeted at females who are living in Jeddah city between March 2022 and August 2022, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A quantitative cross‑sectional design was utilized to conduct the study, a nonexperimental design based on a single observation point. The sample size is estimated by the G*Power software to be 180, considering missed cases, it increased to 197.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Regarding menstrual changes, <em>n </em>= 86 (43.65%) experienced a delay, and about one‑third reported an earlier menstruation cycle. A significant relationship is observed between nationality, occupation, and changes in period (<em>t </em>= 3.89, <em>P </em>&lt; 0.001 and <em>t </em>= −2.94, <em>P </em>&lt; 0.004). There is no significant difference in the occurrence of complications among the different vaccine types. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Receiving the COVID‑19 vaccine was strongly linked with unexpected disturbance in menstruation among the studied group, from simple menstrual irregulates to reported amenorrhea after receiving the booster doses. However, the occurrence of menstrual cycle delays was not linked to the vaccine type. Further studies should be done to investigate each type of vaccine specifically to determine if the type of vaccine affects the reproductive function generally not only the menstrual cycle, in a larger survey for more generalizability.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2395http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2395/70707983

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729479488ENDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Research Center for Nursing and Midwifery Care, Comprehensive Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranDepartment of Medical Education, Medical Education and Development Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>In recent years, Iran has introduced new policies aimed at enhancing demographic indicators by reducing the replacement fertility rate. These policies present both challenges and opportunities for health education, particularly within midwifery, the frontline provider of reproductive health services. This study aims to explore the experiences of Reproductive Health Service (RHS) providers concerning the educational barriers and facilitators related to Iran's Pronatalist Population Policy. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This qualitative study was conducted in Yazd, Iran, from May to September 2023. The study involved 32 RHS providers in various roles, including six midwifery instructors, nine midwifery students, 11 midwives, and six health providers in the community health center. Participants were selected via purposive sampling with maximum variation. Data collection employed semi‑structured, in‑depth interviews alongside field note‑taking. Data analysis followed Graneheim and Lundman’s qualitative content analysis method. <strong>Results: </strong>The barriers were classified under the domain of “multidimensional conflict in driving childbearing policy” and organized into three main categories: sociocultural barriers, economic barriers, and structural issues within reproductive and sexual health services. Moreover, educational facilitators were identified within two main categories: “policy‑making” and “educational infrastructure.” <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings reveal that educational barriers to childbearing programs in Iran arise from intertwined sociocultural, economic, and systemic issues, reflecting complex societal norms, financial constraints, and service accessibility challenges. Moreover, facilitators such as effective policy‑making and strong educational infrastructure are vital in mitigating these obstacles. These results underscore the necessity for culturally sensitive, economically supportive, and systemically integrated interventions to improve educational outcomes in reproductive health services.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2396http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2396/70707984

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729489496ENSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranReproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran4Research Centre for Healthcare and Communities, Coventry University, UK,Department of Public Health, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran3Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hospitalization of infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) may result in psychological morbidities, particularly among birthing parents. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of an orientation tour, both with and without orange aromatherapy, on stress levels and depressive symptoms among birthing parents of preterm infants. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In this quasi‑experimental, single‑blind, three‑group study, 130 birthing parents with hospitalized preterm infants were placed in two intervention groups and one control group. This study was undertaken in the NICU of Shahid Akbar Abadi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2020 to 2021. Convenience sampling was used. A 30‑minute orientation tour was undertaken by two intervention groups: 1) orientation tour only and 2) orientation tour with aromatherapy. Samples in the orientation tour‑aromatherapy group additionally inhaled four drops of 2% orange oil. Data analysis was performed using Chi‑square, Fisher’s exact test, one‑way analysis of variance, and repeated measures analysis of variance tests. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>24 hours (but not 1 hour) after visiting the NICU, the average scores for depressed mood (F = 8.53, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001), the PSS (F = 5.437, <em>p </em>= 0.005), infant behavior and appearance (F = 3.611, <em>p </em>= 0.038), and parental role alteration (F = 4.541, <em>p </em>= 0.006) in the two intervention groups were statistically, significantly lower than those in the control group. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Orientation tours, regardless of the use of orange aromatherapy, are effective in improving participants’ depressive mood and reducing their stress. Consequently, it is recommended that an orientation tour be provided during parents’ initial visit to their infants’ hospitalization.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2397http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2397/70707985

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729497501ENDepartment of Psychology, BA.C., Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, IranDepartment of Psychology, BA.C., Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, IranDepartment of Educational Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, IranDepartment of Psychology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Burnout poses serious risks to nurses’ well‑being and patient care. Understanding how personal and organizational factors shape burnout is essential for prevention. This study predicts nurse burnout based on psychological hardiness, organizational conditions, and job vitality, emphasizing emotion regulation as a key mediating mechanism. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This correlational study included 383 nurses working in COVID‑19 wards in hospitals in Bandar Abbas, Iran. The samples were randomly selected from a population of 1,850 nurses. Data were collected via questionnaires on burnout, job vitality, psychological hardiness, organizational commitment, organizational climate, and emotion regulation. Data analysis was performed through path analysis via LISREL version 8.8. <strong>Results: </strong>Job vitality (t381= −4.72, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) and emotion regulation (t381= −9.79, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) significantly and negatively affected burnout. In contrast, psychological hardiness (t381= −0.15, <em>p </em>= 0.88), organizational commitment (t381 = 1.75, <em>p </em>= 0.08), and organizational climate (t381 = 0.48, <em>p </em>= 0.63) did not have a direct significant effect on burnout. The indirect effects indicated that psychological hardiness (t381 = 3.97, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) and organizational commitment (t381 = 3.53, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) influenced burnout through emotion regulation, while job vitality (t381 = 1.47, <em>p </em>= 0.14), and organizational climate (t381 = 1.09, <em>p </em>= 0.27) did not show significant indirect effects. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Emotion regulation helps reduce nurses’ burnout during the COVID‑19 era, and job vitality supports psychological well‑being. Therefore, strengthening emotion regulation skills and increasing job vitality can serve as effective strategies to lessen burnout.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2398http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2398/70707986

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729502512ENFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, ChinaFaculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China20260729<p><strong>Background: </strong><em>Fundamentals of Nursing </em>is a core course essential for developing clinical competence. Variations in learning behaviors may lead to differences in academic performance. This study aimed to identify key behavioral predictors of both theoretical and practical outcomes and construct predictive models to support early intervention and teaching optimization. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Machine learning techniques were applied to develop predictive models using data from undergraduate nursing students who enrolled the 2019 and 2020 cohorts. Demographic and learning behavior variables were collected and divided into training and testing sets (7:3 ratio). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used for feature selection, and logistic regression identified independent risk factors. Five algorithms [Logit, RF, XGBoost, Artificial Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine (SVM)] were used to construct models. Model performance was evaluated using area under the curve (AUC), specificity, and sensitivity. <strong>Results: </strong>Data from 527 students were analyzed; 59 (11.19%) failed the theoretical exam, and 116 (22.01%) failed the practical exam. Predictors for practical exam included height, comprehensive assessment scores, periodic exam scores, comprehensive practical training scores, and practice frequency. Predictors for the theoretical exam included gender, research participation, academic background, height, periodic exam, and practice frequency. SVM showed the best performance for practical exams prediction (AUC = 0.737), while XGB performed best for theoretical exams (AUC = 0.833). No statistically significant differences in AUC were found between most models (<em>p </em>≥ 0.05). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Height, assessment scores, training engagement, exam results, gender, and practice frequency significantly influenced nursing students’ academic outcomes. These findings support personalized teaching strategies in foundational nursing education.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2399

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729513523ENDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranEnvironmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranResearch Center for Social Determinants of Health, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Community Health Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Menstrual distress encompasses a range of uncomfortable symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle, which significantly impacts women’s quality of life. This cross‑sectional study investigates the influence of occupational hazards, anxiety, and sleep quality on menstrual distress among nurses in an Iranian hospital in 2024. <strong>Material and Methods: </strong>The study was a case‑control design. Data for this study were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Spielberger State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and an occupational hazards assessment worksheet. The modified Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire was also used to measure menstrual distress. To analyze the relationships among demographic factors, anxiety, sleep quality, and menstrual distress, structural equation modeling was employed. <strong>Results: </strong>The study found significant associations between menstrual distress and various factors: a history of miscarriage (<em>p </em>= 0.038), smoking (<em>p </em>= 0.023), exposure to high noise levels (<em>p </em>= 0.040), vibration from equipment (<em>p </em>= 0.003), cold environments (<em>p </em>= 0.028), rotating shifts (<em>p </em>= 0.024), and patient handling (<em>p </em>= 0.01). Additionally, state and trait anxiety (<em>r </em>= 0.612, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) and sleep quality (<em>r </em>= 0.518, <em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) were closely linked to menstrual distress. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Adverse working conditions and occupational stress can significantly impact the physical and mental health of nurses, which diminishes their quality of life. Future research should explore the biological mechanisms involved and develop interventions to alleviate menstrual distress among nurses<em>.</em></p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2400http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2400/70707987

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729529535ENDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran,Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,4Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Thran, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Iodine deficiency remains a significant public health issue. Despite universal salt iodization efforts in Razavi Khorasan Province, accurate monitoring of iodine content in salt continues to pose challenges. This study evaluates the precision and accuracy of rapid screening kits compared to iodometric titration—the gold standard—for quantifying iodine in household salt, aiming to improve monitoring strategies in the region. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024, collecting 153 household salt samples from areas affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Iodine content was measured using the Waheb iodine test kit, which provides both qualitative and quantitative results. These were compared with iodometric titration. Iodine levels were classified according to WHO/UNICEF/IGN guidelines and Iranian National Standards. Statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and Cohen's kappa coefficient to assess agreement between methods. <strong>Results: </strong>The mean (SD) iodine concentration measured by the rapid screening kits was 35.75 (13.85) μg/g, while iodometric titration showed 58.38 (31.45) μg/g. The rapid screening kits demonstrated a sensitivity of 84.91% (95% CI: 72.41–93.25%), specificity of 20.00% (95% CI: 12.67–29.18%), positive predictive value of 80.94%, and a negative predictive value of 24.88%. Agreement between methods was poor (Cohen’s kappa = 0.037). <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite their convenience, rapid screening kits show limited reliability in accurately assessing iodine levels in table salt. The significant discrepancy with iodometric titration highlights the need for improved quality control and development of more accurate rapid testing tools to effectively prevent and control iodine deficiency.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2401http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2401/70707988

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729529535ENDepartment of Nursing, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Department of Geriatric Nursing, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranDepartment of Nursing, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranDepartment of Pharmacology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranDepartment of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Services, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Health, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranBiotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Burns are categorized as a kind of trauma, as they may be a strong, life‑threatening stressor that causes major problems, delaying the healing process. So, this study was aimed at investigating the effect of the combined ointment of <em>Thymbra spicata </em>and <em>Ferulago angulata </em>extracts on second‑degree burn wounds. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>In 2024, a triple‑blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 72 second‑degree burn patients randomly allocated into two groups with randomized allocation software. The 36 participants in the intervention group received a combination ointment of <em>Thymbra spicata </em>and <em>Ferulago angulata </em>extracts thrice a day for 6 days with routine treatment. The Bates‑Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT) was completed before and after the intervention. Statistical tests were included: paired <em>t</em>, independent <em>t</em>, Chi‑square, and difference‑in‑difference regression, which were conducted at the level of significance considered less than 0.05. <strong>Results: </strong>Before the intervention, there was no meaningful variation in the mean scores of wound healing between the control and intervention groups by independent <em>t </em>(<em>p </em>= 0.600). However, after the intervention, its variation was meaningful in the intervention group by paired <em>t </em>(26.59 (1.55)) versus the control group (35.10 (1.69)) (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). Also, assessing the group effect and time effect and adjusting the model showed that in the intervention group, second‑degree burn wound healing has statistically significant variation by difference in difference regression (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using a combination of <em>Ferulago angulata </em>and <em>Thymbra spicata </em>extracts thrice a day may significantly improve burn wound healing after second‑degree burns.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2402http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2402/70707989

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906631320260729536543ENStudent Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IranDepartment of Operating Room, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran,Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran,Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Clinical Care Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran2026072920260729<p><strong>Background: </strong>Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses face significant occupational stress, leading to job burnout and compromised health, which affects patient care quality. This study examines the relationship between job burnout and general health among ICU nurses in Sanandaj, Iran, in 2024. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A cross‑sectional, descriptive‑analytical study was conducted with 101 ICU nurses from three Sanandaj hospitals, selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‑28), and a demographic questionnaire. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation, t‑tests, ANOVA, and linear regression, performed with SPSS version 17. <strong>Results: </strong>Participants [mean (SD) age 35.10 (7.51) years, 58% female] showed a high burnout mean, 55.99 (11.03), and a poor general health mean, 54.41 (14.07), with anxiety/insomnia, 14.75 (4.83), most prevalent. A significant moderate positive correlation (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) was found between burnout and general health, indicating worse health with higher burnout. Burnout was negatively correlated with work experience (r = ‑0.23, <em>p </em>= 0.018) and income (r = ‑0.22, <em>p </em>= 0.025) and weakly positively correlated with overtime (r = 0.20, <em>p </em>= 0.044). General health was negatively correlated with work experience (r = ‑0.22, <em>p </em>= 0.023) and income (r = ‑0.30, <em>p </em>= 0.002). Linear regression showed marital status (<em>p </em>= 0.021) and general health (<em>p </em>&lt; 0.001) as significant burnout predictors. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>High burnout among ICU nurses in Sanandaj is linked to poorer health, influenced by marital status, work experience, overtime, and income. Interventions targeting workload and stress are vital for nurse wellbeing and healthcare outcomes.</p><p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2403http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2403/70707990

Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-90663132026072924042404ENDepartment of Community Health Nursing, University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India,2Research Scholar, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India,3Senior Nursing Officer, Department of Wound and Stoma Care, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India2026072920260729<p class="Pa16">Respected editor,</p><p>Innovative solutions like introducing a futuristic concept for a wearable blood sugar alert device are needed for effective management of the epidemic of diabetes, which is a major concern for world health. Approximate worldwide prevalence of diabetes is 10.5%. When it comes to diabetes, early detection and control are of the utmost importance. To reduce diabetes‑related morbidity and death, monitoring blood sugar levels on a regular basis is crucial. There are so many recent advancements in diabetes monitoring but no such device is available to provide a real‑time blood sugar level monitor. The advent of the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, which allows for simultaneous glucose monitoring, has revolutionized the care of diabetes. Enhanced monitoring and prompt alarms for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia can be provided by a wearable blood sugar alert device for CGM, which can revolutionize the way blood sugar levels are assessed.[1] CGM devices fill this need by constantly monitoring glucose levels, giving detailed information that aids in the better management of diabetes. Wearable continuous glucose monitors include a tiny sensor that is subcutaneously implanted, usually on the abdomen or forearm. The gadget will be worn by the patient for 24 hours and will get an alert regarding real‑time hypo‑ or hyperglycemic episodes.[2]<em></em></p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/2404http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/2404/70707991