Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120131219Journal Index952952EN20131219Click to download the index of this Issue.http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/952http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/952/663Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Nursing ethical values and definitions: A literature review839839ENNursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,IranDepartment of Nursing, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Bridge Nasr (Gisha), Tehran, IranShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Nursing and midwifery School, Tehran, IranFaculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ethical values offer a framework for behavior assessment, and nursing values influence nurses’ goals, strategies,and actions. A literature review was adopted in order to determine and define ethical values for nurses.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This literature review was conducted based on the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines. The key words used to search relevant sources were nursing, ethics, ethical values, and nursing values. The search of articles in English was carried out in Medline, CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Proquest databases. The search of articles in Persian was conducted in databases of Magiran, SID, and Irandoc publications. After assessing and analyzing the obtained data, 17 articles which had a distinct definition of ethical values were chosen and subjected to a thorough study.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 10 nursing ethical values: Human dignity, privacy, justice, autonomy in decision making, precision and accuracy in caring, commitment, human relationship, sympathy, honesty, and individual and professional competency.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that common ethical values are generally shared within the global community. However, in several areas, influences of social, cultural, and economical status and religious beliefs on values result in a different definition of these values. This study revealed that based on humanistic nature of nursing, common values in nursing protect human dignity and respect to the patients. Recognizing and definition of ethical values can help to improve nursing practice and develop codes of ethics.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>Ethics, literature review, nursing, social values, values</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/839http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/839/600Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312The relationship between family function and women’s well‑being837837ENAssociate professor of Community Medicine, Community Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Medical student, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Medical student, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.Assistant professor of Nursing & Midwifery, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences.20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health measurement is one of the major challenges in today’s researches. Various indicators including well‑being are used to evaluate health. Many factors including culture, structures, and values can be effective on family health, quality of life, and well‑being of family members that these elements themselves are effective on the whole society’s health. One of other effective factors on these indicators is family function.</p> <p><strong>Aims: </strong>This research was aimed at investigating the relationship between family function and women’s well‑being in Isfahan, Iran.</p> <p><strong>Settings and Design: </strong>This study is a cross‑sectional, descriptive, and analytical study carried out on 300 subjects in Isfahan in 2011. The inclusion criteria were the families residing in Isfahan for more than 1 year and the women who were willing to cooperate with the project. Sampling method was in the form of cluster. Isfahan has 13 clusters of which 50% (6 clusters) were randomly chosen. Fifty samples were chosen systematically on the basis of the sample volume (300 samples). The selection of the first sample was based on random numbers table and the next samples on the basis of K (the families lies numbers/K = 50).</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The data collecting tools included Bloom’s Family Function questionnaire and well‑being questionnaire, whose validity and reliability have been already confirmed.</p> <p><strong>Statistical Analysis Used: </strong>Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson correlation test through SPSS software version 14.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample’s mean age was 45 (4.3) years, well‑being dependent variable mean was 23.6, and family function variable mean was obtained as 183.6 by ANOVA. Well‑being was better in families with higher function, compared to the other groups, but no significant difference was observed.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Family function has direct and indirect effect on quality of life and well‑being. It should be considered as a social determinant of health to improve well‑being in family as a part of community.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Family nursing, Iran, questionnaire, well‑being</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/837http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/837/601Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312The effects of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in non‑athlete girls829829ENDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan (Isfahan) Branch, Isfahan, IranNursing and Midwifwry Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical, psychological, or behavioral changes in the late secretary phase of menstrual cycle and interferes with interpersonal relationships or activities.The purpose was to assess the effects of 8 weeks of regular aerobic exercise on PMS in non-athlete girls.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 40 non-athlete girl students aged 18-25 years at Khorasgan Azad University, with a diagnosis of PMS. The instruments included personal information and a medical questionnaire, a form of premenstrual symptoms DSM-IV, the GHQ 28 questionnaire, and the Beck Depression and Anxiety questionnaire, and also, daily symptoms were recorded for 4 months (two courses before the training period and two during training). Individuals in the experimental group practiced aerobic exercise for 8 weeks, three sessions per week for 60 min. The subjects were evaluated during the first (the pre‑test), second (the mid‑test), and third menstrual period (the post‑test).Statistical analysis used in this study is <em>t</em>‑test and repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA).</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that the mean scores of PMS and symptoms declined after 8 weeks of training in the experimental group. The comparison of the two groups showed that the mean scores of PMS, for symptoms during and after exercise, were significantly different (<em>P </em>≤ 0.001) and the percentages of scores PMS changes, physical, and psychological symptoms of experimental and control groups had a significant difference (<em>P </em>≤ 0.001) after 8 weeks of training.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Overall, the findings showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise is effective in reducing the symptoms of PMS and can be used as a treatment.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Aerobic exercise, Iran, non-athlete girls, premenstrual syndrome</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/829http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/829/602Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Developing a blended learning program for nursing and midwifery students in Iran: Process and preliminary outcomes833833ENNursing & Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Virtual School. Keshavarz Ave. Naderi Street, Doulat Shahi st. Tehran, IranNursing & Midwifery Care Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tohid Sq. East Nosrat Street, Tehran, IranResearch Center for Modeling in Health, Institute of Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>We aimed to develop and evaluate outcomes of a blended learning (BL) program for nursing and midwifery education in Iran.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This was a participatory action research project. After designing BL website, providing technological infrastructures, and holding preparatory workshops, 22 blended courses were designed. BL method was implemented for one semester. Students’ grade point average, participation with courses, and opinion about educational methods, and instructors’ attitude and opinion about educational methods were assessed.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Most students (<em>n </em>= 181; 72.1%) and 17 instructors (28.3%) consented to participate in the study. Students’ grade point average and participation was significantly higher in BL rather than in face‑to‑face method (<em>P </em>< 0.0001). Most instructors (<em>n </em>= 11, 65%) had positive attitude toward BL method. Textual analysis of participants’ opinion showed that most students preferred BL method and felt more independent in this method. However, they complained about lack of easy access to Internet and weakness in computer skills. Instructors admired the flexibility and incentives that had been provided in the program. However, some of them complained about the time-consuming nature of BL course design.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The program showed positive effect on students’ learning outcomes and participation. The strengths and weaknesses of the program should be considered for development of next phase of the project. Lessons learned in this phase might be helpful for decision makers who tend to develop similar programs in Iran. Motivational and communicational issues and users’ IT skills should be addressed in every BL program.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>Action research, distance, education, Iran, midwifery, nursing</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/833http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/833/603Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Preconception risk assessment of infertile couples832832ENDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>With regard to the importance of preconception conditions in maternal health and fertility, preconception risk assessment makes treatment trends and pregnancy outcome more successful among infertile couples. This study has tried to investigate preconception risk assessment in infertile couples.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This is a descriptive analytical survey conducted on 268 subjects, selected by convenient sampling, referring to Isfahan infertility centers (Iran). The data were collected by questionnaires through interview and clients’ medical records. Pre‑pregnancy risk assessment including history taking (personal, familial, medical, medications, menstruation, and pregnancy), exams (physical, genital, and vital signs), and routine test requests (routine, cervix, infections, and biochemical tests) was performed in the present study.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the lowest percentage of taking a complete history was for personal history (0.4%) and the highest was for history of menstruation (100%). The lowest percentage of complete exam was for physical exam (3.4%) and the highest for genital exam (100%). With regard to laboratory assessment, the highest percentage was for routine tests (36.6%) and the lowest was for infection tests (0.4%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based o the results of the present study, most of the risk assessment components are poorly assessed in infertile couples. With regard to the importance of infertility treatment, spending high costs and time on that, and existence of high-risk individuals as well as treatment failures, health providers should essentially pay special attention to preconception risk assessment in infertile couples in order to enhance the chance of success and promote treatment outcome.</p> <p><strong>Key words</strong>: Infertility, preconception care, risk assessment, Iran</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/832http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/832/604Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Comparison of vaccination‑related pain in infants who receive vapocoolant spray and breastfeeding during injection834834ENResearch PhD student (Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center), a member of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, a member of Nursing & Midwifery Care Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Instructor, department of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery school, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Student Research, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran.Department of pediatrics, School of Nursing and Midwifery,Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran.20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vaccination is one of the most common painful procedures in infants. Despite the irreparable consequences and complications of acute pain in infants, and existence of pharmacological and non‑pharmacological methods for pain control, pain control in infants has received less attention. Therefore, this research aimed to compare the vaccination‑related pain in infants younger than 6 months who receive vapocoolant spray and breastfeeding during injection, in order to suggest a strategy to provide emotional, mental, and physical health for infants.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This is a randomized clinical trial study on 144 infants less than 6 months of age, referred to Ibn Sina Health Care Center in 2009, who were selected by convenience sampling. Forty‑eight infants were allocated through systematic random sampling to each study group (i.e., breastfeeding, vapocoolant spray, and control group). Inclusion criteria were: Fully conscious infants, lack of any disease (sensory, motor abnormalities, cold, etc.), taking no medication, exclusive breastfeeding, vaccination for hepatitis B and DTP, regular visits to health care center, infants with Iranian nationality, and quiet infants who did not cry. The infant was excluded if he/she was crying and it was impossible to make him/her quiet before injection. Data were gathered by a questionnaire (six questions) and checklist [neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS)]. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods through SPSS.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings suggest that breastfeeding during vaccination has a more analgesic effect on vaccination pain, compared to application of vapocoolant spray before vaccination. In 64.6% of the infants, breastfeeding during vaccination caused analgesia, while 25% of the infants who received vapocoolant spray experienced analgesic effect. There was a significant difference in pain between the infants who received vapocoolant spray and those on breastfeeding during injection (<em>P </em>< 0.001).</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It seems that breastfeeding during vaccination in infants under 6 months of age is an effective, natural, safe, accessible, and inexpensive method without side effects to reduce vaccination‑related pain.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Key words</strong>: Breastfeeding, pain, vaccination, vapocoolant spray</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/834http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/834/605Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312The relationship between spiritual intelligence with psychological well- being and purpose in life of nurses830830ENIslamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, IranIslamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, IranIslamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, IranIslamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background</strong>: Spiritual intelligence is defined as the human capacity to ask questions about the ultimate meaning of life and the integrated relationship between us and the world in which we live. It results in an increase in psychological welt-being of individuals as well as having a goal in their life. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence with purpose in life and psychological well-being among the nurses.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: The study was a descriptive correlation study. In this study, 270 nurses were selected from some hospitals of Tehran University through convenient sampling. Data were collected through a four-section questionnaire including demographic characteristics, a 24-item questionnaire of spiritual intelligence and its four components, psychological well-being questionnaire with six subscales and 84 questions, and the questionnaire of purpose in life with 20 questions. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed through SPSS software.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between spiritual intelligence with psychological well-being and having a purpose in life. Furthermore, there was a significant association between the components of spiritual intelligence including conscious state expansion, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, and critical existential thinking with psychological well-being.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: High level of spiritual intelligence in nurses helps them to improve their psychological well-being and have a purpose in life, which can lead to the health provision of them and their patients.</p> <p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Intelligence, Iran, nurses, psychological adaptation, quality of life, spirituality</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/830http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/830/606Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312An investigation of coping styles of hemodialysis patients831831ENMSc, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranMSc, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hemodialysis patients are exposed to different stressful factors and have to use coping strategies as supportive processes. The goal of the present study is to investigate coping styles of hemodialysis patients.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This is a descriptive analytical study conducted on 96 patients referring to hemodialysis centers affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2011. The data, collected by a questionnaire including two sections of demographic characteristics and patients’ coping with the disease, were analyzed by parametric and non‑ parametric statistical tests.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients used emotion focused coping strategies more (mean = 20.07, SD = 4.39) to adapt with the disease compared to problem focused coping strategies (mean = 14.65, SD = 5.08). There was a significant association in coping (<em>P </em>= 0.027) and emotion focused dimension (<em>P </em>= 0.008) in various ages, but there was no significant association in problem focused dimension (<em>P </em>= 0.134).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Since most of the hemodialysis patients use emotion focused coping styles, it is suggested to consider educational programs on application of problem focused coping styles for these patients in order to decrease the pressures of the disease and treatment, and to promote their mental health, quality of life and efficiency.</p> <p><strong>Key words</strong>: Coping, hemodialysis, Iran, renal disease</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/831http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/831/607Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312The effect of community health nurse home visit on self‑care self‑efficacy of the elderly living in selected Falavarjan villages in Iran in 2010841841ENDepartment of Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Perceived self‑efficacy is a strong predictor for behavior. Considering the importance of health‑promoting self‑care behaviors in increasing quality of life in the elderly, this study was aimed at defining the effect of nurse home visits on self‑care self‑efficacy of the elderly in rural areas.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This is a pre and post quasi‑experimental study conducted on 33 older adults randomly selected from five villages in Falavarjan province in Iran. Intervention program was in the direction of self‑care self‑efficacy in four domains including nutrition, health practice, physical activity, and well‑being in the form of five home visit programs and one group session by a nurse during 6 weeks, and included two different sections of education and nursing interventions administered based on needs assessment and determination of the tasks for the clients and their families. Theoretical framework of this study was supported by Bandura’s self‑efficacy, Orem’s self‑care theory, and Pender’s revised health promotion model. The data were collected by self‑care self‑efficacy and demographic information questionnaire before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and paired <em>t</em>‑test.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean elderly score in the four aforementioned domains increased after the home visit program. A significant difference was seen in the mean total scores of self‑care self‑efficacy and its subscales by paired <em>t</em>‑test before and after intervention (<em>P </em>< 0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was observed that home visit program, integrated with the theories, had a positive influence on improving self‑care self‑efficacy of the elderly, and was supported by Bandura’s theory of self‑efficacy suggesting four sources of performance accomplishment, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and emotional arousal. With regard to the importance of self‑care behavior in health promotion of the elderly, multifaceted low‑cost interventions with the highest effect seem essential.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Community health nursing, elderly, home visit, Iran, self‑care, self‑efficacy</p> <p> </p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/841http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/841/608Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Chlorhexidine or povidone‑iodine: Which solution is more effective on skin colonization in neonates?840840ENDepartment of Medical Students Research Committee, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Pediatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection control should be an integrated part of patient care, especially to ensure safety and survival in hospitalized neonates. Although povidone‑iodine (PVP‑I) solution has been used as the most common antiseptic in hospitals of Iran, chlorhexidine is currently used in some wards for skin disinfection. However, there is no evidence about the superiority of either antiseptic solution over the other one. This clinical trial carried out in two university hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, aimed to compare the effects of chlorhexidine and PVP‑I solutions on skin bacterial colonization in hospitalized neonates.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The participants were 98 hospitalized infants. In each infant, one area on the skin was disinfected by chlorhexidine while the contralateral site was disinfected by PVP‑I. Skin cultures were taken before and after disinfection. Microorganisms were determined and colony count was performed based on a standard method. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS v. 14.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean of microorganism colony count before and after disinfection by either solution was statistically different (<em>P </em>< 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean microorganism colony count before disinfection. However, a significant difference was observed after disinfection.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PVP‑I is more efficacious than chlorhexidine for skin disinfection. Consequently, it seems better to use PVP‑I for skin preparation before invasive procedures.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>Bacterial infection, chlorhexidine, disinfection, Iran, neonate, newborns, povidone‑iodine</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/840http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/840/609Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Motives for entering nursing in Iran: A qualitative study842842ENTehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery.Tehran,IranTehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery.Tehran,IranTehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery.Tehran,IranFaculty of nursing and midwifery, Islamic Azad University Of Varamin-pishva20130312<p><strong>Context: </strong>Choosing a career is an important decision for each individual, which is affected by many different factors. The process of entering nursing, as one of the pivotal healthcare discipline, certainly affects quality of care, and retention of nurses in the profession.</p> <p><strong>Aims: </strong>Exploring factors affecting the students’ decision to enter nursing.</p> <p><strong>Setting and Design: </strong>This qualitative content analysis was carried at the school of Nursing and Midwifery of Tehran University of medical sciences.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The semi structured interview method was used to conduct this qualitative study on 11 nursing freshmen in 2010. We transcribed the interviews verbatim and analyzed them using the conventional content analysis approach.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Four main categories, reflecting the factors affecting the participants’ decision to enter nursing emerged in this study: Capabilities of the profession, coercion, having an interest in the medical and allied health fields, and receiving positive feedbacks. The participants had tried to gather information about nursing through different sources, including nurses and other health care professionals, counselors and Internet, which almost all the time, yielded to no useful information and sometimes with negative feedback.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings revealed that, unlike other countries, although few participants had entered nursing with a real interest in helping and caring for others, other factors such as having an interest in the medical and allied health fields, coercion, and good employment opportunities were the most important motives. Students’ lack of knowledge about the profession deserves special attention. Nursing managers’ should try to introduce the reality of nursing to the public and as a result, attract more competent students to the profession.</p> <p>Key words: Career choice, Iran, Nursing, and Qualitative research</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/842http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/842/610Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Exploring diabetes type 1‑related stigma836836ENNursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, Department of Adult Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranNursing and Midwifery Care Research Centre, Department of Adult Nursing, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranAdult Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Empowerment of people with diabetes means integrating diabetes with identity. However, others’ stigmatization can influence it. Although diabetes is so prevalent among Iranians, there is little knowledge about diabetes‑related stigma in Iran. The present study explored diabetes‑related stigma in people living with type 1 diabetes in Isfahan.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A conventional content analysis was used with in‑depth interview with 26 people with and without diabetes from November 2011 to July 2012.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>A person with type 1 diabetes was stigmatized as a miserable human (always sick and unable, death reminder, and intolerable burden), rejected marriage candidate (busy spouse, high‑risk pregnant), and deprived of a normal life [prisoner of (to must), deprived of pleasure]. Although, young adults with diabetes undergo all aspects of the social diabetes‑related stigma; in their opinion they were just deprived of a normal life</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It seems that in Isfahan, diabetes‑related stigma is of great importance. In this way, conducting an appropriate intervention is necessary to improve the empowerment process in people with type 1 diabetes in order to reduce the stigma in the context.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Diabetes, disease‑related stigma, Iran, people with diabetes, qualitative research, social stigma</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/836http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/836/611Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Factors affecting infant’s transition from neonatal intensive care unit to home: A qualitative study835835ENDepartments of Child and Family Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranDepartments of Child and Family Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranMedical and Surgical, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IranFaculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>The infants, hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), engage with problems from admission to discharge, exploring of which ensures their safe transition. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence infant’s transition from the NICU to home.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>A qualitative study was used for identifying the factors that affect infant’s transition. Data were gathered by interviewing 16 nurses and physicians in NICUs of university hospitals in Iran; and were analyzed by qualitative content analysis method. MAXQDA, MAX Qualitative Data Analysis, is a software which has been developed in Berlin, Germany. software, the</p> <p>qualitative data analysis package, was used for coding and categorizing.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>There are 10 categories that affect infant’s transition, as revealed in data analysis. These categories were delineated into three themes: Cognition of infant’s needs, effectiveness of trainings, and organizational context.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study further disclosed the factors that facilitate or hinder infant’s transition from the NICU to home. The aspects of correct cognition along with more effective trainings must be fully introduced to the staff to meet infant’s needs. Also, authorities are better to make policies to decrease organizational barriers. Therefore, it is suggested that applying developmental care can ease infant’s transition.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Content analysis, infant’s need, neonatal intensive care unit</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/835http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/835/612Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312Triage effect on wait time of receiving treatment services and patients satisfaction in the emergency department: Example from Iran838838ENDisaster Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, Iran AND Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenSocial Determinat of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciencess, Urmia, Iran AND Department of Public Health, Division of Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenKaraj Islamic Azad University, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Karaj, IranDisaster Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Science, Tehran, IranDepartment of Statistics and computer, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long wait time interval in emergency department (ED) of hospitals, from the patients’ point of view in ED is a major problem causing patients’ dissatisfaction and may result increasing in patient morbidity and indirectly nurses dissatisfaction. Evaluation of wait time intervals in ED and giving nursing feedback may improve the quality of services, as well as patient satisfaction. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of nursing triage on receiving treatment of wait time interval and satisfaction of the patients referring to ED in Shahid Rajaee hospital.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This study was conducted on patients those referring to Shahid Rajaee hospital in Karaj, Iran employing quasi experimental design d ividing in two experiment and control groups during 2009. This is a quasi‑experimental study of which the data were collected by standard questionnaire covering patient satisfaction and measuring wait time. t‑test, Mann‑Whitney and frequency analysis were used to evaluate the effect of triage on wait time from receiving treatment services and patients’ satisfaction.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings showed that there was a significant difference between experiment and control groups regarding wait time from receiving treatment services and patients’ satisfaction.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Triage could significantly reduce the wait time interval between patients’ entrance to ED to receive treatment services and enhance patients’ satisfaction. It may help nursing in emergency ward to have better performance and indirectly their satisfaction.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>Nursing, patient satisfaction, triage, wait time</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/838http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/838/613Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research1735-906618120130312The effect of empowerment program on empowerment level and self‑care self‑efficacy of patients on hemodialysis828828ENDepartment of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery College, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, IranDepartment of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery College, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, IranDepartment of Statistic, Paramedical School, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, IranDepartment of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery College, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, IranDepartment of Statistic, Paramedical School, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran20130312<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with end‑stage renal disease (ESRD) who receive dialysis confront the burdens of long‑term illness and numerous physical problems.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>This was a quasi-experimental study. The selected patients from Gorgan Dialysis Centre were randomly assigned into an empowerment group (<em>n </em>= 40) and a control group (<em>n </em>= 40). Instruments comprised scales of Empowerment and the Strategies Used by People to Promote Health (SUPPH). Data were collected at baseline and at 6 weeks following the intervention. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS (version 17).</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicate that scores of the empowerment (<em>P </em>≤ 0.001) and self‑care self‑efficacy (<em>P </em>= 0.003) in the empowerment group showed a significantly greater improvement than the control group.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study supports the effectiveness of the empowerment program to promote empowerment level and self-care self‑efficacy of hemodialysis patients.</p> <p><strong>Key words:</strong> Empowerment, end‑stage renal disease, hemodialysis, Iran, nursing, self‑care self‑efficacy</p>http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/view/828http://ijnmr.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijnmr/article/download/828/614