Effect of taking dietary supplement on hematological and biochemical parameters in male bodybuilders an equation model

Rokhsareh Meamar, Mohammad Maracy, Shahrzad Nematollahi, Shemouil Yeroshalmi, Ali Zamani‑Moghaddam, Mohammad Reza Aghaye Ghazvini

Abstract


Background: The improved physical action following administration of supplements to bodybuilders was supported by changes in laboratory parameters. Despite the fact that these supplements are sometimes associated both advantage and side effects, this study were conducted for the purpose of evaluating the possible effects of some commonly used supplements in bodybuilders on the hematological and biochemical parameters.

 

Materials and Methods: In this study, we included 40 male bodybuilders as cases and 40 controls in the age group of 20‑40 years. They used different kinds of supplements for 1 year. In general, all the supplements used were classified into two groups: hormonal and non‑hormonal. Laboratory tests were requested for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters.

 

Results: In an equation model, we found that weight (P = 0.024), duration of bodybuilding (P < 0.001), and duration of hormone supplement consumption (P < 0.001) were loaded significantly on the latent variables, demographic and dietary supplement, respectively. The relationship between dietary supplement and biochemical and hematological parameters was significant (P = 0.01) and some of these parameters including creatinine (P = 0.023), blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P < 0.001), and red blood cell distribution (RDW) (P = 0.046) had a significant role than others. In a multivariate regression model, we found that WBC (P < 0.001), platelets (P < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (BUN; P < 0.001),

creatinine (P < 0.001), AST (P = 0.005), and ALT (P = 0.001) were higher in athletes than in controls.

 

Conclusions: It is strongly advised that there should be some concerns about possible supplement‑induced changes in the laboratory exams for bodybuilders. The available supplements are unchecked and not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). More studies should be designed for a better and precise administration of each supplement in athletes.

 

 


Keywords


Bodybuilder; hematological and biochemical parameters; supplement

Full Text:

PDF

References


Timcheh‑Hariri A, Balali‑Mood M, Aryan E, Sadeghi M, Riahi‑Zanjani B. Toxic hepatitis in a group of 20 male body‑builders taking dietary supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50:3826‑32.

Ziegenfuss TN, Berardi JM, Lowery LM. Effects of prohormone supplementation in humans: a review. Can J Appl Physiol 2002;27:628‑46.

Sundgot‑Borgen J, Berglund B, Torstveit MK. Nutritional supplements in Norwegian elite athletes‑impact of international ranking and advisors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13:138‑44.

Ohtani M, Maruyama K, Sugita M, Kobayashi K. Amino Acid Supplementation Affects Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Elite Rugby Players. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem

;65:1970‑6.

Ohtani M, Maruyama K, Suzuki S, Sugita M, Kobayashi K. Changes in Hematological parameters of athletes after receiving daily dose of a mixture of 12 Amino Acids for One

Month during the Middle‑ and Long‑distance running training. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001;65:348‑55.

van Loon LJ, Oosterlaar AM, Hartgens F, Hesselink MK, Snow RJ, Wagenmakers AJ. Effects of creatine loading and prolonged creatine supplementation on body composition, fuel selection, sprint and endurance performance in humans. Clin Sci 2003;104:153‑62.

Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. A constant threat. Toxicol Lett 2005;158:167‑75.

Cinar V, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Calcium supplementation and 4‑week exercise on blood parameters of athletes at rest and exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010;134:130‑5.

Darvishi L, Askari G, Hariri M, Bahreynian M, Ghiasvand R, Ehsani S, et al. The Use Of Nutritional Supplements Among Male Collegiate Athletes. Int J Prev Med 2013;4 Suppl 1:S68‑72.

Schr¨oder H, Navarro E, Mora J, Seco J, Torregrosa JM, Tramullas A. The type, amount, frequency and timing of dietary supplement use by elite players in the First Spanish Basketball

League. J Sports Sci 2001;20:353‑8.

Palmer ME, Haller C, McKinney PE, Klein‑Schwartz W, Tschirgi A, Smolinske SC, et al. Adverse events associated with dietary supplements: An observational study. Lancet

;11:101‑6.

NBJ’s Annual overview of the nutrition industry VII. Nutr Bus J 2002;7:1‑10.

Geyer H, Parr MK, Mareck U. Analysis of non‑hormonal nutritional supplements for anabolic‑androgenic steroids: Results of an international study. Int J Sports Med 2004;25:124‑9.

American College of Sports Medicine; American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Dietitians of Canada. Joint position statement: Nutrition and athletic performance. Med

Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:2130‑45.

Lippi G, Targher G, Montagnana M, Salvagno GL, Zoppini G, Guidi GC. Relation between red blood cell distribution width and inflammatory biomarkers in a large cohort of unselected

outpatients. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009;133:628‑32.

Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen M. Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Vol. 6. 2008. p. 53‑60.

Reid SA, Speedy DB, Thompson JM, Noakes TD, Mulligan G, Page T, et al. Study of hematological and biochemical parameters in runners completing a standard marathon. Clin

J Sport Med 2004;14:344‑53.

Montain SJ, Cheuvront SN, Lukaski HC. Sweat mineral‑element responses during 7 h of exercise‑heat stress. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007;17:574‑82.

Martin BR, Davis S, Campbell WW, Weaver CM. Exercise and calcium supplementation: Effects on calcium homeostasis in sportswomen. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1481‑6.

Miranda‑Vilela AL, Akimoto AK, Alves PC, Pereira LC, Klautau‑Guimarães MN, Grisolia CK. Dietary carotenoid‑rich oil supplementation improves exercise‑induced anisocytosis in runners: influences of haptoglobin, MnSOD (Val9Ala), CAT (21A/T) and GPX1 (Pro198Leu) gene polymorphisms in dilutional pseudoanemia (sports anemia). Genet Mol Biol 2010;33:359‑67.

Abbasciano V, Levato F, Reali MG, Casoni I, Patracchini M, Mazzotta D, et al. Reduction of Erythrocyte Magnesium Concentration in Heterozygote Beta‑Thalasaemi Subjects Submitted to Physical Stress. Magnes Res 1998;1:213‑7

Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R, Üstünda B, Koç S, Ozmerdivenli R. Some haematogical parameters, plasma proteins and serum zinc, calcium and phosfor levels in sport girl. J Gazi Univ Phys

Edu. Sport Sci 1998;3:21–30.

Ozyener F, Gür H, Ozlük K. Examination of Blood Cell Changes after Acute Exercise to Exhaustion. Sedanter. J Sport Sci Hacettepe Univ 1994;6:41‑6.

Ekblom, B. Effects of creatine supplementation on performance. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:38‑9.

Engelhardt M, Neumann G, Berbalk A, Reuter I. Creatine supplementation in endurance sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30:1123‑9.

Appelgate E. Effective nutritional ergogenic aids. Int J Sport Nutr 1999;9:229‑39.

di Luigi L, Guidetti L, Pigozzi F, Baldari C, Casini A, Nordio M, et al. Acute amino acids supplementation enhances pituitary responsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc

;31:1748‑54.

Metzl JD, Small E, Levine SR, Gershel JC. Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics 2001;108:421‑5.

Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long‑term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31:1108‑10.

Poortmans JR, Dellalieux O. Do regular high protein diets have potential health risks on kidney function in athletes? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2000;10:28‑38.

Mayhew DL, Mayhew JL, Ware JS. Effects of long‑term creatine supplementation on liver and kidney functions in American college football players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab

;12:453‑60.

Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: Fact or fiction? Sports Med 2000;30:155‑70.

Snyder PJ. Androgens. In: Hardman LJ, Goodman GA. editors. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001. p. 1635‑48.

Mochizuki RM, Richter KJ. Cardiomyopathy and cere‑brovascular accident associated with anabolic‑androgenic steroid use. Phys Sportsmed 1988;16:109‑14.

Juhn M. Popular sports supplements and ergogenic aids. Sports Med 2003;33:921‑39.

Hageloch W, Appell HJ, Weicker H. Rhabdomyolysis in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Sportverletz Sportschaden 1988;2:122‑5.

Gagnon DR, Zhang TJ, Brand FN, Kannel WB. Hematocrit and the risk of cardiovascular disease‑the Framingham study: A 34‑year follow‑up. Am Heart J 1994;127:674‑82.

Shiozawa Z, Tsunoda S, Noda A, Saito M, Yamada H. Cerebral hemorrhagic infarction associated with anabolic steroid therapy for hypoplastic anemia. Angiology 1986;37:725‑30.

Alen M. Androgenic steroid effects on liver and red cells. Br J Sport Med 1985;19:15‑20.

Anderson RA, Ludlam CA, Wu FC. Haemostatic effects of supraphysiological levels of testosterone in normal men. Thromb. Haemost 1995;74:693‑7.

Granados J, Gillum TL, Christmas KM, Kuennen MR. Prohormone supplement 3beta‑hydroxy‑5alpha‑androst‑1‑en‑17‑one enhances resistance training gains but impairs user health. J Appl Physiol 1985;116:560‑9.

Lippi G, Salvagno GL, Danese E, Tarperi C, Guidi GC, Schena F. Variation of red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume after moderate endurance exercise. Adv Hematol

;2014:192173.

Yang W, Huang H, Wang Y, Yu X, Yang Z. High red blood cell distribution width is closely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;26:174‑8.

Eudy AE, Gordon LL, Hockaday BC, Lee DA, Lee V, Luu D, et al. Efficacy and safety of ingredients found in preworkout supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2013;70:577‑88.

Ziegenfuss T, Landis J, Hofheins J. Effect of a supplement containing primarily beta alanine, arginine, creatine malate, and glycerol monostearate on exercise‑induced changes in lean mass of the arms. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008;5:P16.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.